沉沙
2018-07-23
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摘要:本篇JavaScript教程探讨了链表的相关内容,希望阅读本篇文章以后大家有所收获,帮助大家对JavaScript的理解更加深入。
相比数组我们今天主角——链表就要来的随性多,简单的理解可以是这样:在内存中,栈和队列(数组)的存在就是一个整体,如果想要对她内部某一个元素进行移除或是添加一个新元素,就要动她内部所有的元素,所谓牵一发而动全身;而链表则不一样,每一个元素都是由元素本身数据和指向下一个元素的指针构成,所以添加或是移除某一个元素不需要对链表整体进行操作,只需要改变相关元素的指针指向就可以了。
链表在实际生活中的例子也有很多,比如自行车的链条,环环相扣,但添加或是移除某一个环节只需要对症下药,对相关环节进行操作就OK。再比如:火车,火车就是一个链表,每一节车厢就是元素,想要移除或是添加某一节车厢,只需要把连接车厢的链条改变一下就好了。那么,在 JS 中又该怎么去实现链表结构呢?
链表的创建
首先我们要创建一个链表类:
function LinkedList(){//各种属性和方法的声明
}
然后我们需要一种数据结构来保存链表里面的数据:
var Node=function(element){this.element=element;
this.next=null;
}
//Node类表示要添加的元素,他有两个属性,一个是element,表示添加到链表中的具体的值;另一个是next,表示要指向链表中下一个元素的指针。
接下来,我们需要给链表声明一些方法:
· append(element):向链表尾部添加一个新的元素;
· insert(position,element):向链表特定位置插入元素;
· remove(element):从链表移除一项;
· indexOf(element):返回链表中某元素的索引,如果没有返回-1;
· removeAt(position):从特定位置移除一项;
· isEmpty():判断链表是否为空,如果为空返回true,否则返回false;
· size():返回链表包含的元素个数;
· toString():重写继承自Object类的toString()方法,因为我们使用了Node类;
链表的完整代码:
function LinkedList() {
//Node类声明
let Node = function(element){
this.element = element;
this.next = null;
};
//初始化链表长度
let length = 0;
//初始化第一个元素
let head = null;
this.append = function(element){
//初始化添加的Node实例
let node = new Node(element),
current;
if (head === null){
//第一个Node实例进入链表,之后在这个LinkedList实例中head就不再是null了
head = node;
} else {
current = head;
//循环链表知道找到最后一项,循环结束current指向链表最后一项元素
while(current.next){
current = current.next;
}
//找到最后一项元素后,将他的next属性指向新元素node,j建立链接
current.next = node;
}
//更新链表长度
length++;
};
this.insert = function(position, element){
//检查是否越界,超过链表长度或是小于0肯定不符合逻辑的
if (position >= 0 && position <= length){
let node = new Node(element),
current = head,
previous,
index = 0;
if (position === 0){
//在第一个位置添加
node.next = current;
head = node;
} else {
//循环链表,找到正确位置,循环完毕,previous,current分别是被添加元素的前一个和后一个元素
while (index++ < position){
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
node.next = current;
previous.next = node;
}
//更新链表长度
length++;
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
};
this.removeAt = function(position){
//检查是否越界,超过链表长度或是小于0肯定不符合逻辑的
if (position > -1 && position < length){
let current = head,
previous,
index = 0;
//移除第一个元素
if (position === 0){
//移除第一项,相当于head=null;
head = current.next;
} else {
//循环链表,找到正确位置,循环完毕,previous,current分别是被添加元素的前一个和后一个元素
while (index++ < position){
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
//链接previous和current的下一个元素,也就是把current移除了
previous.next = current.next;
}
length--;
return current.element;
} else {
return null;
}
};
this.indexOf = function(element){
let current = head,
index = 0;
//循环链表找到元素位置
while (current) {
if (element === current.element) {
return index;
}
index++;
current = current.next;
}
return -1;
};
this.remove = function(element){
//调用已经声明过的indexOf和removeAt方法
let index = this.indexOf(element);
return this.removeAt(index);
};
this.isEmpty = function() {
return length === 0;
};
this.size = function() {
return length;
};
this.getHead = function(){
return head;
};
this.toString = function(){
let current = head,
string = '';
while (current) {
string += current.element + (current.next ? ', ' : '');
current = current.next;
}
return string;
};
this.print = function(){
console.log(this.toString());
};
}
//一个实例化后的链表,里面是添加的数个Node类的实例
ES6版本:
let LinkedList2 = (function () {
class Node {
constructor(element){
this.element = element;
this.next = null;
}
}
//这里我们使用WeakMap对象来记录长度状态
const length = new WeakMap();
const head = new WeakMap();
class LinkedList2 {
constructor () {
length.set(this, 0);
head.set(this, null);
}
append(element) {
let node = new Node(element),
current;
if (this.getHead() === null) {
head.set(this, node);
} else {
current = this.getHead();
while (current.next) {
current = current.next;
}
current.next = node;
}
let l = this.size();
l++;
length.set(this, l);
}
insert(position, element) {
if (position >= 0 && position <= this.size()) {
let node = new Node(element),
current = this.getHead(),
previous,
index = 0;
if (position === 0) {
node.next = current;
head.set(this, node);
} else {
while (index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
node.next = current;
previous.next = node;
}
let l = this.size();
l++;
length.set(this, l);
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
removeAt(position) {
if (position > -1 && position < this.size()) {
let current = this.getHead(),
previous,
index = 0;
if (position === 0) {
head.set(this, current.next);
} else {
while (index++ < position) {
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
previous.next = current.next;
}
let l = this.size();
l--;
length.set(this, l);
return current.element;
} else {
return null;
}
}
remove(element) {
let index = this.indexOf(element);
return this.removeAt(index);
}
indexOf(element) {
let current = this.getHead(),
index = 0;
while (current) {
if (element === current.element) {
return index;
}
index++;
current = current.next;
}
return -1;
}
isEmpty() {
return this.size() === 0;
}
size() {
return length.get(this);
}
getHead() {
return head.get(this);
}
toString() {
let current = this.getHead(),
string = '';
while (current) {
string += current.element + (current.next ? ', ' : '');
current = current.next;
}
return string;
}
print() {
console.log(this.toString());
}
}
return LinkedList2;
})();
双向链表
function DoublyLinkedList() {
let Node = function(element){
this.element = element;
this.next = null;
this.prev = null; //NEW
};
let length = 0;
let head = null;
let tail = null; //NEW
this.append = function(element){
let node = new Node(element),
current;
if (head === null){
head = node;
tail = node; //NEW
} else {
//NEW
tail.next = node;
node.prev = tail;
tail = node;
}
length++;
};
this.insert = function(position, element){
if (position >= 0 && position <= length){
let node = new Node(element),
current = head,
previous,
index = 0;
if (position === 0){
if (!head){ //NEW
head = node;
tail = node;
} else {
node.next = current;
current.prev = node; //NEW
head = node;
}
} else if (position === length) { ////NEW
current = tail;
current.next = node;
node.prev = current;
tail = node;
} else {
while (index++ < position){
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
node.next = current;
previous.next = node;
current.prev = node; //NEW
node.prev = previous; //NEW
}
length++;
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
};
this.removeAt = function(position){
if (position > -1 && position < length){
let current = head,
previous,
index = 0;
if (position === 0){ //NEW
if (length === 1){ //
tail = null;
} else {
head.prev = null;
}
} else if (position === length-1){ //NEW
current = tail;
tail = current.prev;
tail.next = null;
} else {
while (index++ < position){
previous = current;
current = current.next;
}
previous.next = current.next;
current.next.prev = previous; //NEW
}
length--;
return current.element;
} else {
return null;
}
};
this.remove = function(element){
let index = this.indexOf(element);
return this.removeAt(index);
};
this.indexOf = function(element){
let current = head,
index = -1;
if (element == current.element){
return 0;
}
index++;
while(current.next){
if (element == current.element){
return index;
}
current = current.next;
index++;
}
//check last item
if (element == current.element){
return index;
}
return -1;
};
this.isEmpty = function() {
return length === 0;
};
this. size = function() {
return length;
};
this.toString = function(){
let current = head,
s = current ? current.element : '';
while(current && current.next){
current = current.next;
s += ', ' + current.element;
}
return s;
};
this.inverseToString = function() {
let current = tail,
s = current ? current.element : '';
while(current && current.prev){
current = current.prev;
s += ', ' + current.element;
}
return s;
};
this.print = function(){
console.log(this.toString());
};
this.printInverse = function(){
console.log(this.inverseToString());
};
this.getHead = function(){
return head;
};
this.getTail = function(){
return tail;
}
}
双向链表和单项比起来就是Node类多了一个prev属性,也就是每一个node不仅仅有一个指向它后面元素的指针也有一个指向它前面的指针。
循环链表
明白了前面的基础链表和双向链表之后这个肯定不在话下了,循环,其实就是整个链表实例变成了一个圈,在单项链表中最后一个元素的next属性为null,现在让它指向第一个元素也就是head,那么他就成了单向循环链表。在双向链表中最后一个元素的next属性为null,现在让它指向第一个元素也就是head,那么他就成了双向循环链表。就那么回事…
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